Purpose: Dental ABSCESS is considered as one of the most common complications of untreated caries in children. Microorganisms are known as major causes for the pulp and periradicular pathosis. Black - pigmented, gram-negative anaerobes, belonging to species of porphyromonas and prevotella (bacteroides) play an importantrolein causing clinical signs and symptoms related to pulp and periradicular disease. The aim of this investigation was to assess the presence of two main pathogenic microorganisms named porphyromonas gingival is and prevotella melaninogenica in ABSCESSed primary teeth.Methods & Materials: Forty children aged 4-10 years were selected with no systemic disease and no antibiotic consumption during the last two weeks of sampling. Selected teeth were presenting swelling and pain at observation stage as signs of acute ABSCESS. The diagnostic technique of porphyromonas gingivalis and prevotella melaningenica was the use of DNA formulation reading by means of PCR technique.Results: Results showed that of the 40 samples, 35(%87.5) were positive for porphyromonas gingivalis, 34(%85) were positive for prevotella melaninogenica. However, it seems that more work is required for more precise antibiotic therapy of dental ABSCESS in children.Conclusion: The presence of two well known species of microorganisms in PERIAPICAL ABSCESS of primary teeth was confirmed.

Background and Aim: The purpose of the study was isolation and characterization of the oral Actinomyces species believed to be the cause of the PERIAPICAL ABSCESSes.Methods and Materials: This epidemiological study was carried out on 32 patients with dento-alveolar ABSCESSes, which have been referred to the Faculty of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. The specimens were collected during a period of 7 month, using aspiration method in the anaerobic condition.Samples were aseptically transferred to the individual screw bijoux bottles containing 1ml Career's Blair medium and sent to the laboratory within the next 30 minutes. Sample taking was performed from patients who had submandibular chronic dento-alveolar ABSCESSes with no infectious diseases. An appropriate questionnaire was filled in for each case.Results: 32 specimens taken and one species of Actinomyces naeslundii were isolated from a patient with dentoalveolar ABSCESS. Of the 32 patients with dento- alveolar ABSCESSes, aged between 14-47 years, 19 were male (59.4 %) and 13 were female (40.6 %). The highest incidence of the dento-alveolar ABSCESS (25 %) was seen in the group aged 31-35 with the lowest incidence (6.3 %) was seen in the group aged 15-19years. The cause of the dento-alveolar ABSCESSes was found to be as follows: nineteen patients (59.4 %) with dental carries, seven patients (21.9 %) with a dental extraction and six patients (18.8 %) with d endodontic treatment.Conclusion: Results suggest that Actinomyces species may contribute to the etiology of the dento-alveolar ABSCESSes.

Introduction: The golden standard of the treatment of radicular cysts is mainly root canal therapy or surgical excision with apicectomy. The root canals are usually disinfected by the mechanical and chemical actions of instruments and chemical irrigating solutions respectively. To improve the efficacy of the root canal disinfection process, many techniques have been used and many researchers are still trying to reach the quickest and most convenient way to achieve this goal. Diode lasers have shown antibacterial activity on dentinal tubules, and they can penetrate more than 1000 μ m into the dentin. Case Presentation: Our patient was a 25-year-old female with an infraorbital ABSCESS caused by a non-vital maxillary canine with PERIAPICAL radiolucency. After completing the conventional treatment, the optical fiber was inserted into the canal according to the working length previously measured. An 810 nm diode laser at the output power of 4 W was used to irradiate the root canals, with a 300 μ m fiber. The patient was free of pain within a few days. The lesion was resolved in radiographic follow-ups, 3 and 6 months after the root canal treatment. Conclusion: A combination of conventional root canal therapy and an 810 nm diode laser is an effective treatment for non-vital teeth with PERIAPICAL lesions.

Introduction: PERIAPICAL diseases are the final outcome of untreated pulpitis or failure of root canal treatment, collectively referred to as PERIAPICAL lesions. Pulpitis is the final consequence of advanced dental caries or severe dental trauma, affecting the pulp. Spread of odontogenic infections into adjacent oral tissues and distinct structures by blood and lymph vessels can lead to more serious complications. Therefore, early and correct diagnosis and treatment of these lesions is necessary to prevent their potential complications. Considering the importance and high prevalence of PERIAPICAL lesions, this study was undertaken to evaluate the PERIAPICAL inflammatory lesions and spread of odontogenic infections.Review Report: In this study, studies performed from 2000 to 2013 about clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features and treatment of PERIAPICAL lesions, and also spread of odontogenic infections were evaluated by running a search in PubMed, EBSCO, ISC and Google Scholar databases.Results: PERIAPICAL periodontitis is one of the most common odontogenic diseases; the chronic type of it or PERIAPICAL granuloma is more prevalent than its acute type or PERIAPICAL ABSCESS. Radicular cyst, the most common odontogenic cyst, is a sequela of PERIAPICAL granuloma. Inflammatory lesions with an odontogenic origin can spread to the bone marrow, causing osteomyelitis. In addition, these lesions give rise to acute and serious diseases such as soft tissue ABSCESSes and cellulitis if they are not managed on time.Early diagnosis of PERIAPICAL lesions leads to easier management, more successful treatment and better prognosis.

Statement of the Problem: Genetic polymorphisms can alter immunity response against pathogens, which in turn influence individuals’ susceptibility to certain infec-tions. Purpose: Our aim was to determine the association of Arg753Gln (rs5743708) and Arg677Trp (rs12191786) polymorphisms of toll like receptor-2 gene with the two clinical forms of apical periodontitis: acute apical ABSCESS (AAA) and asymptomatic apical periodontitis (AAP). Materials and Method: There were 50 patients with AAA as case group and 50 with AAP as control group. Genotyping was done using Tetra-ARMS (amplification re-fractory mutation system) PCR. Results: Heterozygous genotype of Arg677Trp polymorphism was associated with risk of AAA (OR=1. 9, 95% CI: 0. 7-5. 5, p= 0. 05). Although statistically insignificant, Arg677Trp polymorphism promoted the risk of AAA in dominant model (OR=2. 1, 95% CI: 0. 7-5. 9, p> 0. 05). The frequency of mutant allele (T) of Arg677Trp poly-morphism was higher in AAA (14%) than AAP (7%) subjects (OR=1. 7, 95% CI: 0. 6-4. 7). For Arg753Gln polymorphism, wild homozygous (GG) represented the domi-nant genotype in both cases (96%) and controls (100%). Variant allele (A) of Arg753Gln polymorphism was identified in 2% of AAA, while no individual repre-sented with this allele in AAP subjects. Individuals with Arg753Gln; Arg677Trp (GG; TC) combination showed an elevated risk of AAA (OR=1. 6, 95% CI: 0. 5-4. 2, p> 0. 05). Conclusion: Arg677Trp polymorphism of TLR-2 rendered a higher risk for the de-velopment of ABSCESSes in apical periodontitis. It is recommended to explore role of this polymorphism in other populations.

This case report describes the healing of a large PERIAPICAL lesion without apical surgery. In this paper, s 35 year-old female with a large lesion from the apices of her teeth 22-27 is presented. During treatment procedure 2.5% sodium hypoclorite solution was used for irrigation and calcium–hydroxide was used as intracanal anti-microbial dressing. PERIAPICAL healing was observed in radiographic examinations at 6-month and 1 and 2 year-follow-up visits.

Background: The distinction between radicular cysts and apical granulomas is important in treatment decision.Objectives: The current study aimed to differentiate these two lesions based on radiography images.Patients and Methods: The material consisted of 138 radiographs obtained using Kodak E -speed, in patients aged 29 to 47, divided into two groups: 109 granulomas and 29 radicular cysts. Size of radiography images was measured; the tooth then was extracted and examined in pathologist lab. The results were analyzed by SPSS.15 andROCcurve was created to find cut-off point to differentiate PERIAPICAL granuloma and radicular cysts.Results: Average size of radiography in PERIAPICAL granuloma was 7.4mmand for a radicular cyst was 11.1 mm. Cut-off point was 8.2 mmand the area under curve (AUC) was 0.63. Also, the tests were 83% sensitive and 79% specific.Conclusions: Based on 8.2mmcut-off point could differentiate 83% PERIAPICAL granulomas and 79% radicular cysts from radiography images.

Background and Objective: Odontogenic keratocyst is a developmental odontogenic cyst. It is to be considered for histopathological features and clinical behavior. It has aggressive behavior and tendency to recurrence and it has been named benign cystic neoplasm. OKCs have different radiographic appearance such as unilocular to multilocular radiolucency. In some cases, they have been observed in the interradicular area but in rare cases they can be found in PERIAPICAL radiolucency in apex of non-vital teeth that may be mistaken with lesions of endodontic origin and cause mistreatment.Case Report: A 33 year old male patient came to clinic because of swelling in the anterior region of mandible that was repaired with endodontic treatment. In the histological diagnosis of radiolucent lesion, inflamed odontogenic keratocyst was reported.Conclusion: Diagnosis based on clinical finding may risky because it can lead to inappropriate treatment. In most of the cases, microscopic examination of all material surgically removed is necessary for diagnosis. This is especially recommended when treatment of lesion is not successful with routine treatment.